The Electrocardiogram (ECG) is a common investigation that evaluates how the electrical activity in the heart is generated and conducted through the heart. It enables determination of a wide range of variables. This tool focuses on ventricular axis (also called QRS axis and cardiac axis) and heart rate, both of which have simple mathematical methods to estimate by sight.

Caveat: P and T wave morphology, and absolute amplitudes may not be clinically accurate.